Relationship between Periodontal Diseases and Cardiovascular Diseases: A review of Literature

Abstract

Introduction: Periodontal disease (PD) is a complex inflammatory disease that destroys tooth support tissue (periodontal) with a multifactorial etiology it has been linked to diabetes, chronic obstructions of the respiratory tract, chronic kidney disease, syndromes certain types of cancers, rheumatoid arthritis and cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a group of disorders affecting the heart and blood vessels, the most common cause is atherosclerosis, which is a pathological reworking of the inner lining of large and medium-sized arteries by lipid accumulation complex carbohydrates, blood elements and calcareous deposits, forming plaques of atherosclerosis. Thus, the purpose of this review of the literature is to determine the relationship between periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease. Materials and Methods: For this work an electronic document search strategy was realized in 2 databases including Pub Med and Google scholar. Thus 423 articles dealing with the relation between periodontal diseases and cardiovascular diseases published in English or in French with full text in the period from 1989 to 2016 were selected. The titles and abstracts of the articles found thanks to the search strategy were reviewed. Articles that were not relevant for inclusion were discarded at this stage. The data collected were analyzed after implementation of the inclusion criteria: Studies conducted in humans and written in English or French and published between 1989 and 2016Included articles were those after reading titles, summaries deemed relevant of which 35 articles dealing with the relationship between periodontal diseases and Cardiovascular Diseases were selected. Result: A total of 35 articles dealing with the relationship between periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease were selected based on their consistency and relevance. The limit has been the consultation only of 2 databases. The bacteremia associated with periodontitis is responsible for an activation of the immuno-inflammatory response favoring the formation, maturation and complication of atheroma plaques. There is an increased risk of CVD in patients with chronic periodontitis, independent of other cardiovascular risk factors. Periodontal therapy reduces the level of systemic inflammation and improves endothelial function, but does not affect dyslipidemia. Conclusion: With an infectious etiology for diseases and various for cardiovascular diseases, a link has been established between the two diseases in various epidemiological and clinical studies but all the time remains controversial in others.